mass categorizing transactions in quicken for mac 2015

England was hard hit and archaeologists have now discovered mass graves with more than 10,000 skeletons at Spitalfields in London, dating close to 1258 ( Sidell et al., 2007 Connell et al., 2012 Walker, 2012 Campbell, 2017) ( Fig. Heavy rains during the summer of 1258 ruined crops across Europe, bringing famine, and grain shortages in France led to inflation of food prices in 1258 ( Stothers, 2000). What other changes were reported after this CE 1257 eruption? A dry fog and cool temperatures were noted in the northern summer and autumn of 1258 ( Stothers, 2000). This suggestion follows convention in seismology to indicate the basis on which the magnitude of an earthquake was estimated, e.g., M w for moment magnitude. Estimates based on a combination of tephra and lava could be indicated as M tl or I tl. Ultimately, a way forward to more consistent and quantitative description of eruptions might be to use both intensity and magnitude, but add subscripts to indicate the material measured, e.g., M t for magnitude based on tephra, or M l for magnitude based on lava, and the same for intensities I t and I l. However, Pyle (2000, 2015) and Oppenheimer (2011 using the abbreviation M e) combined masses of both tephra and lavas. (2012) also refers only to tephra, excluding lava. With the abovementioned exception of dome-collapse materials, it can be expected to correlate well with VEI with the added advantage of higher accuracy and precision if the deposit volumes and bulk densities are well known. The M scale as originally proposed ( Pyle, 1995) referred only to tephra (sensu latu, all pyroclastic material). The most popular alternative to VEI is the mass-based magnitude (M) scale of Pyle (1995, 2000, 2015). Ideally, any description of an explosive eruption should describe both magnitude (expressed in mass) and intensity (expressed in mass ejection rate per unit time). Forward-thinking governments and industries would be wise to consider how a proximal or distal VEI 7 eruption will affect their jurisdictions, and what responses make the most economic and sociopolitical sense. Volcanologists should refine geologic histories and ensure at least baseline monitoring of candidate volcanoes, and consider how they will judge the likelihood that an impending eruption will be of VEI 7. Preparation for such low-probability but high-consequence events is difficult to imagine, yet some modest early measures can be considered. We suggest and apply criteria to identify candidates for future VEI 7 eruptions, and discuss likely challenges for short-range forecasting of such events. Distal effects on air travel, the global positioning system, and climate will be felt by a high-technology, globally interdependent world. If a VEI 7 eruption occurs, those populations will be at dire risk, and eruptions in some locations could destabilize financial centers, national economies, and even peace between nations. Today, populations within 100 km of candidate volcanoes range from fewer than 1000 people in remote areas to between 20 and 30 million people near several candidates in Indonesia and the Philippines. The next VEI 7 will affect a world very different from that of CE 1257. Although climatic effects of eruptions like Pinatubo (Philippines) and even Tambora (Indonesia) lasted only a few years, it seems that coupling of oceans, sea ice, and atmosphere after larger eruptions can force decade- to century-long cooling, decreased precipitation, and major impacts on crops. It seems likely that the Rinjani eruption triggered the onset of the Little Ice Age, and subsequent large eruptions sustained it. The Rinjani eruption and its impacts are relatively well documented, modeled, and, for the purposes of attribution, uncomplicated by antecedent eruptions. Specifically, we focus on Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 7 eruptions, which occur 1–2 times per thousand years.Ī variety of environmental changes followed the VEI 7 eruption of Rinjani (Samalas), Indonesia, in CE 1257 and several more eruptions of VEI 6 or 7 that occurred in the succeeding few centuries. High-end subduction-related volcanic eruptions have not occurred in recent memory, so we review historical and geologic evidence about such eruptions that will surely recur within coming centuries. Worst-case or high-end subduction-related earthquakes and tsunamis of 20 are painfully fresh in our memories.

Mass categorizing transactions in quicken for mac 2015